Induction according to Abu Ishaq Al-Shatibi and its applications in grammatical probability

Abstract

This research aims to identify (the effect of the Pinwheel Cards strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade preparatory female students in Kurdish Reading and Literature). To achieve the research objective, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: "There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean achievement scores of the experimental group students who study Kurdish language rules using the Pinwheel Cards strategy, and the mean achievement scores of the control group students who study the same material using the traditional method in the post-test." The researcher equalized the students of the two research groups in several variables. The researcher taught the experimental group using the Pinwheel Cards strategy and the control group using the traditional method during the experiment period, which lasted one academic semester, the first semester of the academic year (2025/2026). The researcher prepared a final test as a research tool, consisting of (30) multiple-choice objective items, and used statistical methods represented by the t-test and Chi-squared (χ2) for two independent samples, item difficulty, ease, and discrimination coefficients, and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. The research yielded the following result: a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean achievement scores of the experimental group students and the control group students, in favor of the experimental group.